/* =========================================================
   Stem Cell Story — Academic Paper Style
   Serif · Wide margins · Two-column masthead · Footnotes
   ========================================================= */

@import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Serif+4:ital,opsz,wght@0,8..60,300;0,8..60,400;0,8..60,500;0,8..60,600;0,8..60,700;1,8..60,400;1,8..60,600&family=Inter:wght@400;500;600&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap");

@font-face {
  font-family: "Pretendard Variable";
  src: url("https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/orioncactus/pretendard/dist/web/variable/woff2/PretendardVariable.woff2") format("woff2-variations");
  font-weight: 45 920;
  font-display: swap;
  font-style: normal;
}

@font-face {
  font-family: "Noto Serif KR";
  src: url("https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/moonspam/NanumSquareNeo@1.0.0/NanumSquareNeo-cBd.woff2") format("woff2");
  font-display: swap;
}

:root {
  /* Ink palette — muted, paper-like */
  --ink:       #14181f;   /* Body text — near-black */
  --ink-2:     #2a3038;
  --ink-3:     #4a5261;
  --muted:     #6b7280;
  --muted-2:   #9aa3b2;

  --accent:    #1d4ed8;   /* Restrained scholarly blue */
  --accent-2:  #3b6fe6;
  --mark:      #fdf6b3;   /* Highlighter yellow */

  --paper:     #FBFAF7;   /* Warm off-white — like fine book paper */
  --paper-2:   #F4F1EA;
  --paper-3:   #EEEAE0;
  --line:      #D9D2C4;
  --line-2:    #E8E3D6;
  --rule:      #14181f;   /* Thick rules */

  /* Type stacks */
  --serif: "Source Serif 4", "Noto Serif KR", "Nanum Myeongjo", ui-serif, Georgia, serif;
  --serif-kr: "Noto Serif KR", "Source Serif 4", "Nanum Myeongjo", ui-serif, Georgia, serif;
  --sans: "Pretendard Variable", "Inter", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Apple SD Gothic Neo", system-ui, sans-serif;
  --mono: "JetBrains Mono", ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, monospace;

  /* Sizes — paper-tuned */
  --fs-mono-xs: 0.72rem;
  --fs-xs:  0.82rem;
  --fs-sm:  0.9rem;
  --fs-base: 1.08rem;
  --fs-lg:  1.22rem;
  --fs-xl:  1.55rem;
  --fs-2xl: 2rem;
  --fs-3xl: 2.75rem;
  --fs-4xl: 3.75rem;
  --fs-5xl: 5rem;

  --line-height-body: 1.75;
  --measure: 65ch;
}

* { box-sizing: border-box; }

html {
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
  scroll-padding-top: 80px;
}

body {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: var(--fs-base);
  line-height: var(--line-height-body);
  color: var(--ink);
  background: var(--paper);
  font-feature-settings: "kern", "liga", "onum";
  font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums proportional-nums;
  text-wrap: pretty;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  hanging-punctuation: first last;
  word-break: keep-all;
}

/* ─────────────────────────────────────────────
   한글은 이탤릭(faux italic)에서 흐려짐 —
   전역적으로 이탤릭 대신 「강조 색상 + 강조 굵기」 사용.
   Latin 텍스트가 필요한 경우 .lat-italic 클래스로만 진짜 이탤릭.
   ───────────────────────────────────────────── */

/* 기본 em: 색상+굵기 강조 (기울임 없음) */
em, i {
  font-style: normal;
  color: var(--accent);
  font-weight: 500;
}

/* 로마자 전용 진짜 이탤릭 유틸 */
.lat-italic {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 400;
}

/* Paper-like grain */
body::before {
  content: "";
  position: fixed;
  inset: 0;
  pointer-events: none;
  z-index: 1;
  background-image:
    radial-gradient(rgba(20, 24, 31, 0.015) 1px, transparent 1px),
    radial-gradient(rgba(20, 24, 31, 0.01) 1px, transparent 1px);
  background-size: 3px 3px, 7px 7px;
  background-position: 0 0, 1px 2px;
  mix-blend-mode: multiply;
}

img, svg { display: block; max-width: 100%; }

a {
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 3px;
  text-decoration-color: var(--line);
  transition: text-decoration-color 0.2s, color 0.2s;
}

a:hover {
  text-decoration-color: var(--accent);
  color: var(--accent);
}

::selection { background: var(--mark); color: var(--ink); }

/* ================== Masthead ================== */

.masthead {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 50;
  background: rgba(251, 250, 247, 0.94);
  backdrop-filter: saturate(180%) blur(12px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: saturate(180%) blur(12px);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.masthead-inner {
  max-width: 1440px;
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding: 0.9rem clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: auto 1fr auto;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 2rem;
  min-height: 62px;
}

.masthead-title {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.005em;
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.masthead-title:hover { color: var(--accent); }

.masthead-title .vol {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-style: normal;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  padding-left: 0.6rem;
  margin-left: 0.6rem;
  border-left: 1px solid var(--line);
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
  font-weight: 400;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.masthead-nav {
  display: flex;
  gap: 1.4rem;
  justify-content: center;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
}

.masthead-nav a {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.masthead-nav a:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.masthead-nav a.is-active {
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-color: var(--accent);
  text-decoration-thickness: 2px;
  text-underline-offset: 6px;
}

.masthead-nav a .n {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  color: var(--muted-2);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  margin-right: 0.3rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
}

.masthead-cta {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  padding: 0.45rem 0.95rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--ink);
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
  border-radius: 2px;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
  white-space: nowrap;
  transition: background 0.2s, color 0.2s;
}

.masthead-cta:hover {
  background: var(--ink);
  color: var(--paper);
}

@media (max-width: 960px) {
  .masthead-nav { display: none; }
  .masthead-inner { grid-template-columns: auto auto; }
}

/* ================== Page container ================== */

.paper {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 2;
  max-width: 1360px;
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding: 0 clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
}

/* Two-column layout: TOC sidebar + main content */
.paper-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 5rem);
  padding-block: clamp(3rem, 6vw, 5rem);
}

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .paper-layout {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 2rem;
  }
}

.paper-toc {
  position: sticky;
  top: 90px;
  align-self: start;
  padding-top: 0.3rem;
}

.paper-toc-title {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  padding-bottom: 0.6rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.paper-toc ol {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0.55rem;
  counter-reset: toc;
}

.paper-toc li {
  counter-increment: toc;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
}

.paper-toc a {
  color: var(--ink-3);
  text-decoration: none;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 22px 1fr;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  align-items: baseline;
  padding: 0.15rem 0;
}

.paper-toc a::before {
  content: "§ " counter(toc);
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  color: var(--muted-2);
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
}

.paper-toc a:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.paper-toc a.is-active {
  color: var(--accent);
  font-weight: 600;
}
.paper-toc a.is-active::before { color: var(--accent); }

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .paper-toc { position: static; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
}

/* ================== Article body ================== */

.article {
  min-width: 0;
}

.article-header {
  padding-bottom: 3rem;
  border-bottom: 3px double var(--rule);
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
}

.article-eyebrow {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.18em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.6rem;
  align-items: center;
}

.article-eyebrow .dot {
  width: 4px; height: 4px; background: var(--accent); border-radius: 50%;
}

.article-title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 1.4rem + 3vw, var(--fs-4xl));
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.15;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  margin: 0 0 1.5rem;
  color: var(--ink);
  max-width: 22ch;
}

.article-title .em {
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--accent);
}

.article-subtitle {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(1.15rem, 0.9rem + 0.9vw, 1.4rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  line-height: 1.5;
  max-width: 42ch;
  margin: 0 0 2.5rem;
  border-left: 2px solid var(--line);
  padding-left: 1rem;
}

/* Authors row (paper convention) */
.byline {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: var(--fs-base);
  color: var(--ink-2);
  margin-bottom: 0.6rem;
}

.byline strong {
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink);
}

.byline sup {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.65em;
  color: var(--accent);
  font-weight: 500;
  padding: 0 0.15em;
}

.affiliation {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.5;
  max-width: 55ch;
}

.affiliation sup {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.75em;
  color: var(--accent);
  font-weight: 500;
  padding-right: 0.25em;
}

.meta-row {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(140px, 1fr));
  gap: 1rem 2rem;
  padding-top: 1.5rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
}

.meta-row .label {
  display: block;
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
}

.meta-row .val {
  color: var(--ink);
  font-weight: 500;
}

/* Abstract */

.abstract {
  background: transparent;
  border-left: 3px solid var(--ink);
  padding: 0.5rem 0 0.5rem 2rem;
  margin: 3rem 0;
  max-width: var(--measure);
}

.abstract-label {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.18em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}

.abstract p {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.02rem;
  line-height: 1.75;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  margin: 0 0 0.85em;
}

.abstract p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }

.keywords {
  margin-top: 1rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.6;
}

.keywords strong {
  color: var(--ink);
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  margin-right: 0.4rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  font-size: 0.72rem;
}

/* Sections in article */

.section {
  margin: 4rem 0;
  max-width: var(--measure);
}

.section-number {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.18em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--accent);
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
  font-feature-settings: "tnum";
}

.section-title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 1.2rem + 1.2vw, 2.1rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  line-height: 1.2;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin: 0 0 1.5rem;
  padding-bottom: 0.6rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.section-title .em {
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--accent);
}

.subsection-title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin: 2.5rem 0 0.85rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.subsection-title::before {
  content: attr(data-num) " ";
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--accent);
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
  padding-right: 0.5rem;
}

.article p {
  margin: 0 0 1.15em;
  font-size: var(--fs-base);
  line-height: var(--line-height-body);
  color: var(--ink);
  text-align: left;
  word-spacing: -0.01em;
  hyphens: none;
}

.article p.lead {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  color: var(--ink);
  line-height: 1.65;
  max-width: 55ch;
  text-align: left;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
}

.article p.lead::first-line {
  font-weight: 500;
}

/* Drop cap on the first paragraph of a section */
.article .section > p:first-of-type::first-letter,
.article .drop-cap::first-letter {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 4.2em;
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.85;
  float: left;
  padding: 0.05em 0.15em 0 0;
  margin-top: 0.05em;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-feature-settings: "lnum";
}

.article strong { font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink); }
/* em은 전역 규칙(위쪽) 사용 */

.article a {
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 3px;
  text-decoration-color: var(--accent);
}

.article a:hover { color: var(--accent); }

/* Footnote refs must keep their accent color despite article a{} above */
.article a.footnote-ref,
a.footnote-ref {
  color: var(--accent);
  text-decoration: none;
}
.article a.footnote-ref:hover { color: var(--ink); }

/* Small-caps run-in phrase */
.smallcaps {
  font-variant-caps: all-small-caps;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  font-weight: 600;
}

/* Marker highlight */
.mark {
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 65%, var(--mark) 65%);
  padding: 0 0.05em;
}

/* Pull quote */
.pullquote {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 1.1rem + 1vw, 1.85rem);
  line-height: 1.5;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--ink);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
  padding: 2.25rem 0;
  margin: 3rem 0;
  text-align: center;
  max-width: 30ch;
  margin-inline: auto;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.pullquote::before,
.pullquote::after {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  width: 2rem;
  height: 1px;
  background: var(--accent);
  margin: 0 auto 1rem;
}

.pullquote::after { margin: 1rem auto 0; }

.pullquote cite {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 1rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  font-style: normal;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  font-weight: 500;
}

/* Figures */

.figure {
  margin: 2.5rem 0;
  max-width: 100%;
}

.figure-media {
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.figure-media img,
.figure-media video {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  display: block;
}

.author-portrait-paper img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  display: block;
}

.figure-media.placeholder {
  background:
    repeating-linear-gradient(
      135deg,
      transparent 0 18px,
      rgba(20, 24, 31, 0.04) 18px 19px
    ),
    var(--paper-2);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

.figure-media.placeholder .label {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ink-3);
  padding: 0.5rem 0.9rem;
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  text-align: center;
}

.figure-caption {
  margin-top: 0.85rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
  color: var(--muted);
  max-width: 55ch;
}

.figure-caption strong {
  color: var(--ink);
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-right: 0.4rem;
}

/* Footnotes */

.footnote-ref {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 0.68em;
  vertical-align: super;
  color: var(--accent);
  font-weight: 500;
  text-decoration: none;
  padding: 0 0.15em;
  line-height: 0;
}

.footnotes {
  margin-top: 4rem;
  padding-top: 2rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  max-width: var(--measure);
}

.footnotes-title {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.footnotes ol {
  padding-left: 1.2rem;
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: var(--ink-2);
}

.footnotes li {
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}

/* Article footer / pager */

.article-footer {
  margin-top: 5rem;
  padding-top: 2.5rem;
  border-top: 3px double var(--rule);
}

.pager {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 1.25rem;
  margin-top: 2rem;
}

@media (max-width: 700px) { .pager { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }

.pager-card {
  padding: 1.5rem 1.75rem;
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 2px;
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: all 0.2s;
  display: block;
  color: var(--ink);
}

.pager-card:hover {
  background: var(--paper);
  border-color: var(--ink);
  color: var(--ink);
}

.pager-card.next { text-align: right; }
.pager-card.prev { text-align: left; }

.pager-tag {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  color: var(--muted);
  text-transform: uppercase;
  margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
}

.pager-title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  color: var(--ink);
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.pager-sub {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-top: 0.3rem;
}

/* Colophon */

.colophon {
  padding: 3rem 0 2.5rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  text-align: center;
  line-height: 1.6;
  max-width: 1360px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding-inline: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
}

.colophon strong {
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  font-weight: 600;
}

.colophon-rule {
  width: 40px;
  height: 1px;
  background: var(--muted-2);
  margin: 0 auto 1.5rem;
}

/* ==================== Index (home) specific ==================== */

.cover {
  padding-block: clamp(3rem, 6vw, 6rem);
  border-bottom: 3px double var(--rule);
  max-width: 1360px;
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding-inline: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
}

.cover-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1.15fr 0.85fr;
  gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 5rem);
  align-items: end;
}

@media (max-width: 900px) { .cover-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }

.cover-journal {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.2em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  padding-bottom: 0.75rem;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  display: flex;
  gap: 1.5rem;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.cover-journal .divider {
  color: var(--muted-2);
}

.cover-title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(2.4rem, 1.3rem + 4vw, var(--fs-5xl));
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 1.05;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin: 0 0 1.75rem;
}

.cover-title .em {
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--accent);
}

.cover-lede {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(1.15rem, 0.95rem + 0.6vw, 1.4rem);
  color: var(--ink-2);
  line-height: 1.6;
  max-width: 42ch;
  margin: 0 0 2rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  border-left: 2px solid var(--line);
  padding-left: 1rem;
}

.cover-byline {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1.02rem;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  padding-top: 1.5rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  line-height: 1.6;
}

.cover-byline strong {
  color: var(--ink);
  font-weight: 600;
}

.cover-visual {
  aspect-ratio: 3 / 4;
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.cover-visual.placeholder {
  background:
    repeating-linear-gradient(
      135deg,
      transparent 0 22px,
      rgba(20, 24, 31, 0.045) 22px 23px
    ),
    var(--paper-2);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

.cover-visual .label {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ink-3);
  padding: 0.5rem 0.9rem;
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  text-align: center;
}

/* Table of contents (home) */

.home-toc-wrap {
  padding-block: clamp(3rem, 6vw, 5rem);
  max-width: 1360px;
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding-inline: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
}

.home-toc-title {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.2em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  padding-bottom: 0.75rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

.home-toc-title .side {
  color: var(--muted-2);
  font-family: var(--mono);
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
}

.home-toc-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.home-toc-list li {
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.home-toc-list a {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 90px minmax(0, 1fr) 220px auto;
  gap: 2rem;
  align-items: baseline;
  padding: 1.5rem 0;
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: padding 0.2s, color 0.2s;
}

.home-toc-list a:hover {
  padding-left: 1rem;
  color: var(--accent);
}

.home-toc-list .n {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  font-feature-settings: "tnum";
}

.home-toc-list .t {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(1.35rem, 1rem + 0.8vw, 1.65rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  line-height: 1.25;
}

.home-toc-list .t .em { font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; color: var(--accent); }

.home-toc-list .d {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 0.92rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.home-toc-list .p {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--muted-2);
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .home-toc-list a {
    grid-template-columns: 60px minmax(0, 1fr);
    gap: 1rem;
  }
  .home-toc-list .d, .home-toc-list .p { display: none; }
}

.home-toc-list a:hover .p { color: var(--accent); }

/* Abstract on home */
.home-abstract {
  padding-block: clamp(3rem, 6vw, 5rem);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--paper-2);
}

.home-abstract-inner {
  max-width: 1360px;
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding-inline: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 5rem);
}

@media (max-width: 900px) { .home-abstract-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }

.home-abstract-inner .label {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.2em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.home-abstract-inner p {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  line-height: 1.75;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin: 0 0 1em;
  max-width: 62ch;
  text-align: left;      /* justify creates ugly gaps in narrow Korean lines */
  hyphens: none;
}

.home-abstract-inner p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }

.home-abstract-inner p.first {
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--ink);
  line-height: 1.6;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

/* ==================== Reveal (JS-driven, safe default) ==================== */

.reveal { opacity: 1; transform: none; transition: opacity 0.9s cubic-bezier(0.22,1,0.36,1), transform 0.9s cubic-bezier(0.22,1,0.36,1); }
html.js-reveal-ready .reveal { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(14px); }
html.js-reveal-ready .reveal.visible { opacity: 1; transform: none; }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { html.js-reveal-ready .reveal { opacity: 1; transform: none; } }

/* ============================================================
   3-column journal layout (new canonical structure)
   layout: [left rail · TOC] [article] [right rail · on this page]
   ============================================================ */

.progress {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0; left: 0;
  height: 2px;
  width: 0%;
  background: var(--accent);
  z-index: 60;
  transition: width 0.15s linear;
}

/* Masthead extras */
.masthead-brand {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 0.55rem;
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 0.98rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
}

.masthead-brand .mark {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 26px; height: 26px;
  background: var(--ink);
  color: var(--paper);
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  transform: translateY(2px);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.masthead-brand .sub {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  padding-left: 0.55rem;
  margin-left: 0.15rem;
  border-left: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.masthead-title {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  text-align: center;
  justify-self: center;
}

.masthead-nav .cta {
  padding: 0.42rem 0.9rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--ink);
  color: var(--ink);
  border-radius: 2px;
  margin-left: 0.6rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  transition: background 0.2s, color 0.2s;
}
.masthead-nav .cta:hover { background: var(--ink); color: var(--paper); }
.masthead-nav .cta.is-active { background: var(--ink); color: var(--paper); }

@media (max-width: 1100px) {
  .masthead-title { display: none; }
  .masthead-inner { grid-template-columns: auto 1fr; }
}

/* Journal 3-column layout */
.journal {
  max-width: 1440px;
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding: clamp(2.5rem, 4vw, 4rem) clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr) 200px;
  gap: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 4rem);
  align-items: start;
}

@media (max-width: 1100px) {
  .journal {
    grid-template-columns: 200px minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
  .journal .toc-right { display: none; }
}

@media (max-width: 780px) {
  .journal {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 1.5rem;
  }
  .journal .toc-left { position: static; }
}

/* Left rail — chapters */
.toc-left {
  position: sticky;
  top: 90px;
  align-self: start;
  padding-top: 0.3rem;
}

.toc-left .toc-label,
.toc-right .toc-label {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.18em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  padding-bottom: 0.6rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.toc-left ol {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0.15rem;
}

.toc-left ol a {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 30px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 0.55rem;
  align-items: baseline;
  padding: 0.55rem 0.4rem 0.55rem 0;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--ink-3);
  text-decoration: none;
  border-radius: 2px;
  transition: color 0.15s, background 0.15s;
  line-height: 1.35;
}

.toc-left ol a:hover {
  color: var(--ink);
  background: var(--paper-2);
  padding-left: 0.5rem;
}

.toc-left ol a.is-active {
  color: var(--accent);
  font-weight: 600;
}

.toc-left ol a .n {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
  color: var(--muted-2);
  padding-top: 2px;
}

.toc-left ol a.is-active .n { color: var(--accent); }

.toc-left ol a .sub {
  display: block;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  color: var(--muted-2);
  margin-top: 0.15rem;
  font-weight: 400;
}

/* Right rail — on this page */
.toc-right {
  position: sticky;
  top: 90px;
  align-self: start;
  padding-top: 0.3rem;
}

.toc-right ul {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  border-left: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.toc-right ul a {
  display: block;
  padding: 0.45rem 0 0.45rem 0.9rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--ink-3);
  text-decoration: none;
  border-left: 2px solid transparent;
  margin-left: -1px;
  line-height: 1.4;
  transition: color 0.15s, border-color 0.15s;
}

.toc-right ul a:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.toc-right ul a.is-active {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-left-color: var(--accent);
  font-weight: 600;
}

/* Article (canonical layout) */
.article-head {
  padding-bottom: 2.5rem;
  border-bottom: 3px double var(--rule);
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
}

.article-head .article-eyebrow {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.18em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.75rem;
  align-items: center;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.article-eyebrow .chip {
  padding: 0.25rem 0.55rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--ink);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
}

.article-title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 1.3rem + 3.5vw, 3.75rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 1.1;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin: 0 0 1.5rem;
  max-width: 22ch;
}

/* article-title .em은 이미 위쪽 규칙에서 처리 (한글 이탤릭 방지) */

.article-subtitle {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 0.9rem + 0.6vw, 1.35rem);
  color: var(--ink-2);
  line-height: 1.55;
  max-width: 46ch;
  margin: 0 0 2.5rem;
  font-weight: 400;
}

.article-meta {
  padding-top: 1.5rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(160px, 1fr));
  gap: 1.5rem 2rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
}

.article-meta span {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0.35rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.article-meta strong {
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
  text-transform: none;
}

/* Article inline H2 (section) */
.article > h2 {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 1.1rem + 1.4vw, 2.1rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  line-height: 1.2;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin: 3.5rem 0 1.5rem;
  padding-bottom: 0.6rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 1rem;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.article > h2 .num {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--accent);
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding: 0.2rem 0.55rem;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background: var(--paper-2);
}

/* Article inline H3 */
.article > h3 {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin: 2.25rem 0 0.85rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

/* Article blockquote (inline) */
.article > blockquote {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: clamp(1.35rem, 1rem + 1vw, 1.75rem);
  line-height: 1.5;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--ink);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
  padding: 2.25rem 0;
  margin: 3rem 0;
  text-align: center;
  max-width: 32ch;
  margin-inline: auto;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.article > blockquote::before,
.article > blockquote::after {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  width: 2rem;
  height: 1px;
  background: var(--accent);
  margin: 0 auto 1rem;
}
.article > blockquote::after { margin: 1rem auto 0; }

.article > blockquote cite {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 1rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-style: normal;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  font-weight: 500;
}

/* Author block on home */
.author-block {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 230px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 2.5rem;
  margin: 2rem 0 3rem;
  align-items: start;
}

@media (max-width: 700px) {
  .author-block { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}

.author-portrait-paper {
  aspect-ratio: 3 / 4;
  background:
    repeating-linear-gradient(
      135deg,
      transparent 0 18px,
      rgba(20, 24, 31, 0.045) 18px 19px
    ),
    var(--paper-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-end;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 1rem;
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  color: var(--ink-3);
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.author-heading {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 2rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  line-height: 1.05;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin: 0 0 0.4rem;
}

.author-heading .en {
  display: block;
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-weight: 400;
  margin-top: 0.5rem;
  letter-spacing: 0;
}

.author-role-paper {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--accent);
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.author-cv {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 1.5rem 0 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.author-cv li {
  padding: 0.85rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 40px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 1rem;
  align-items: baseline;
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
  color: var(--ink-2);
}

.author-cv li .mark {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  color: var(--muted-2);
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
}

/* Chapter index (home) — refined list */
.chapter-index {
  margin: 2rem 0 1rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.chapter-item {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 90px minmax(0, 1fr) 90px;
  gap: 1.5rem;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 1.5rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: padding 0.2s, background 0.2s;
}

.chapter-item:hover {
  background: var(--paper-2);
  padding-inline: 1rem;
  color: var(--ink);
}

.chapter-item .num {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
}

.chapter-item:hover .num { color: var(--accent); }

.chapter-item .body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.4rem; }

.chapter-item .title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  color: var(--ink);
  line-height: 1.25;
}

.chapter-item .desc {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.55;
  max-width: 55ch;
}

.chapter-item .arrow {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--muted-2);
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-align: right;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.chapter-item:hover .arrow { color: var(--accent); }

@media (max-width: 700px) {
  .chapter-item { grid-template-columns: 60px minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .chapter-item .arrow { display: none; }
}

/* Colophon (new) */
.colophon-inner {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 1rem;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  text-align: left;
  max-width: 1440px;
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding-inline: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
}

.colophon-inner .title {
  color: var(--ink-2);
  font-weight: 600;
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
}

/* ============================================================
   Article components — cards, definition list, process, cases
   ============================================================ */

/* Definition list (2장 다섯 가지 특징 등) */
.article > dl {
  margin: 2rem 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 60px 1fr;
  gap: 1rem 1.5rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.article > dl dt {
  padding: 1.35rem 0 0;
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--accent);
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  font-weight: 500;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding-bottom: 1.35rem;
}

.article > dl dd {
  padding: 1.35rem 0;
  margin: 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: var(--ink-2);
}

.article > dl dd b,
.article > dl dd strong {
  display: block;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
}

/* Compare cards (배아 vs 성체) */
.compare-2col {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 1.25rem;
  margin: 2rem 0;
}

@media (max-width: 700px) { .compare-2col { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }

.compare-2col .card {
  padding: 1.75rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.compare-2col .card.emphasis {
  background: var(--paper);
  border-color: var(--ink);
  box-shadow: -3px 3px 0 var(--accent);
}

.compare-2col .card-tag {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}

.compare-2col .card.emphasis .card-tag { color: var(--accent); }

.compare-2col .card-title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.compare-2col ul {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0.65rem;
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
  color: var(--ink-2);
}

.compare-2col li {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 12px 1fr;
  gap: 0.6rem;
  align-items: baseline;
}

.compare-2col li::before {
  content: "";
  width: 4px; height: 4px;
  background: var(--ink);
  border-radius: 50%;
  transform: translateY(-3px);
}

.compare-2col .card.emphasis li::before { background: var(--accent); }

/* Process steps (베이직 셀 테라피 4단계) */
.process-list {
  margin: 2rem 0;
  padding: 0;
  list-style: none;
  counter-reset: pstep;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.process-list li {
  counter-increment: pstep;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 90px 1fr;
  gap: 1.5rem;
  padding: 1.5rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  align-items: baseline;
}

.process-list li::before {
  content: "STEP " counter(pstep, decimal-leading-zero);
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  color: var(--accent);
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.process-list .p-title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink);
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.process-list .p-desc {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  line-height: 1.6;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  max-width: 55ch;
}

/* Note callout */
.note {
  margin: 2rem 0;
  padding: 1.5rem 1.75rem;
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border-left: 3px solid var(--accent);
  border-radius: 2px;
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  max-width: var(--measure);
}

.note-label {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--accent);
  margin-bottom: 0.55rem;
  display: block;
}

/* ============================================================
   Case list (Chapter IV — 18 clinical cases)
   ============================================================ */

.case-toolbar {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.4rem;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  margin: 2rem 0 2.5rem;
  padding-bottom: 1.5rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.case-toolbar button {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--paper);
  color: var(--ink-3);
  cursor: pointer;
  border-radius: 2px;
  transition: all 0.15s;
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 0.4rem;
}

.case-toolbar button:hover {
  border-color: var(--ink);
  color: var(--ink);
}

.case-toolbar button.is-active {
  background: var(--ink);
  color: var(--paper);
  border-color: var(--ink);
}

.case-toolbar button .n {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  opacity: 0.65;
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
}

.case-toolbar button.is-active .n { opacity: 0.8; }

.case-group { display: none; }
.case-group.is-active { display: block; }

.case-group-head {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
  align-items: baseline;
  padding-bottom: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  gap: 1rem;
}

.case-group-title {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.55rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  color: var(--ink);
}

.case-group-meta {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.case-group-intro {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  max-width: 62ch;
  margin: 0 0 2rem;
}

.case-list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.case-item {
  padding: 1.75rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 100px minmax(0, 1fr) 260px;
  gap: 1.5rem 2rem;
  align-items: start;
}

@media (max-width: 780px) {
  .case-item { grid-template-columns: 100px minmax(0, 1fr); }
  .case-item .case-metric { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
}

.case-code {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--accent);
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.case-body .diagnosis {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink);
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  line-height: 1.35;
  margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
}

.case-body .patient {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
}

.case-body .detail {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  max-width: 55ch;
}

.case-body .detail b,
.case-body .detail strong {
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink);
}

.case-metric {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 0.85rem 1rem;
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border-radius: 2px;
  align-self: start;
}

.case-metric .m-block { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.2rem; }
.case-metric .m-label {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.62rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.case-metric .m-val {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink);
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  line-height: 1.15;
}
.case-metric .m-block.after .m-val { color: var(--accent); }
.case-metric .m-arrow {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  color: var(--accent);
  font-size: 1rem;
}

/* Case image pair (Before / After 영상 소견) */
.case-images {
  grid-column: 1 / -1;
  margin-top: 1.25rem;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 1rem;
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .case-images { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}

.case-images figure {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

.case-images .img-frame {
  position: relative;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  overflow: hidden;
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.case-images .img-frame img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: contain;
  display: block;
  background: var(--paper-2);
}

/* Radiology (MRI · US) — dark frame */
.case-images.radiology .img-frame,
.case-images.radiology .img-frame img {
  background: #0a0a0d;
}

.case-images .img-tag {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0.6rem;
  left: 0.6rem;
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.62rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: #fff;
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);
  backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
  padding: 0.25rem 0.55rem;
  border-radius: 2px;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.case-images .img-tag.after {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: #fff;
}

.case-images figcaption {
  margin-top: 0.5rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  text-align: center;
}

.case-images figcaption strong {
  color: var(--ink-2);
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-right: 0.35rem;
}

.case-modality {
  grid-column: 1 / -1;
  margin-top: 0.85rem;
  padding-top: 0.85rem;
  border-top: 1px dashed var(--line);
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.6rem;
  align-items: center;
}

.case-modality::before {
  content: "IMG";
  padding: 0.15rem 0.4rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 2px;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--accent);
}

/* ============================================================
   Contact — form styled as paper
   ============================================================ */

.form-paper {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  padding: 2rem;
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.form-paper .field {
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0.4rem;
}

.form-paper label {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.form-paper input,
.form-paper select,
.form-paper textarea {
  width: 100%;
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding: 0.75rem 0.9rem;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1rem;
  border-radius: 2px;
  outline: none;
  transition: border-color 0.15s, background 0.15s;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.form-paper input:focus,
.form-paper select:focus,
.form-paper textarea:focus {
  border-color: var(--ink);
  background: #fff;
}

.form-paper textarea { min-height: 100px; resize: vertical; }
.form-paper select { appearance: none; background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, transparent 50%, var(--muted) 50%), linear-gradient(-45deg, transparent 50%, var(--muted) 50%); background-position: calc(100% - 20px) 55%, calc(100% - 14px) 55%; background-size: 6px 6px; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 2rem; }

.form-paper .submit {
  margin-top: 0.5rem;
  padding: 0.95rem 2rem;
  background: var(--ink);
  color: var(--paper);
  border: none;
  border-radius: 2px;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  cursor: pointer;
  width: 100%;
  transition: background 0.15s;
}

.form-paper .submit:hover { background: var(--accent); }
.form-paper .submit:disabled { background: var(--muted); cursor: default; }

/* QR contact card (contact.html) */
.qr-card {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  padding: 2.25rem 2rem;
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 2px;
  text-align: center;
}

.qr-card .qr-label {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

.qr-card .qr-image-wrap {
  padding: 1.5rem 1rem;
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line-2);
  border-radius: 2px;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.qr-card .qr-image-wrap img {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 520px;
  height: auto;
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: block;
}

.qr-card .qr-tip {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 0.98rem;
  line-height: 1.6;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  max-width: 44ch;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.qr-card .qr-tip strong { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }

.qr-channels {
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
  display: flex;
  gap: 1rem;
  justify-content: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  padding-top: 1.25rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.qr-channels span {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.4rem;
}

.qr-channels span::before {
  content: "";
  width: 6px; height: 6px;
  background: var(--accent);
  border-radius: 50%;
}

/* Instagram callout (contact.html) */
.social-callout {
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
  padding: 1.5rem 1.75rem;
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 2px;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 56px 1fr auto;
  gap: 1.25rem;
  align-items: center;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--ink);
  transition: border-color 0.2s, background 0.2s, transform 0.2s;
}

.social-callout:hover {
  border-color: var(--ink);
  background: var(--paper-2);
  color: var(--ink);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

.social-callout .ig-icon {
  width: 48px;
  height: 48px;
  border-radius: 12px;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #feda75 0%, #fa7e1e 25%, #d62976 50%, #962fbf 75%, #4f5bd5 100%);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.social-callout .ig-icon svg {
  width: 26px;
  height: 26px;
  fill: none;
  stroke: #fff;
  stroke-width: 2;
}

.social-callout .ig-body { min-width: 0; }

.social-callout .ig-label {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
}

.social-callout .ig-handle {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink);
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  line-height: 1.25;
}

.social-callout .ig-handle .h { color: var(--accent); font-weight: 700; }

.social-callout .ig-sub {
  margin-top: 0.2rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.social-callout .ig-arrow {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  padding-left: 0.5rem;
}

.social-callout:hover .ig-arrow { color: var(--accent); }

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .social-callout {
    grid-template-columns: 44px 1fr;
    padding: 1.25rem 1.35rem;
    gap: 0.9rem;
  }
  .social-callout .ig-arrow { display: none; }
  .social-callout .ig-icon { width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 10px; }
  .social-callout .ig-icon svg { width: 22px; height: 22px; }
}

/* Phone contact cards (contact.html) */
.phone-grid {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 1rem;
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .phone-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}

.phone-card {
  padding: 1.75rem 1.5rem;
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 2px;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0.6rem;
  transition: border-color 0.2s, background 0.2s;
}

.phone-card:hover {
  border-color: var(--ink);
  background: var(--paper-2);
}

.phone-card.intl {
  background: var(--paper-2);
  border-color: var(--ink);
  box-shadow: -3px 3px 0 var(--accent);
}

.phone-card .p-label {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  align-items: center;
}

.phone-card.intl .p-label { color: var(--accent); }

.phone-card .p-label::before {
  content: "";
  width: 6px; height: 6px;
  background: var(--ink);
  border-radius: 50%;
  display: inline-block;
}

.phone-card.intl .p-label::before { background: var(--accent); }

.phone-card .p-tel {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.55rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink);
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin-top: 0.35rem;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0.25rem;
}

.phone-card .p-tel a {
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: color 0.15s;
}

.phone-card .p-tel a:hover { color: var(--accent); }

.phone-card .p-tel .divider {
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 0 0.3rem;
  color: var(--muted-2);
  font-weight: 400;
}

.phone-card .p-note {
  margin-top: 0.35rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.phone-card .p-note strong { color: var(--ink-2); font-weight: 600; }

/* Info grid for contact (병원 정보) */
.info-grid {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  gap: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.info-grid .row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 130px 1fr;
  gap: 1.5rem;
  padding: 1rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  align-items: baseline;
}

.info-grid .label {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.info-grid .val {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1rem;
  color: var(--ink);
  line-height: 1.55;
}

/* ============================================================
   FAQ (details/summary)
   ============================================================ */

.faq-list {
  margin: 1.5rem 0 2rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.faq {
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  overflow: hidden;
}

.faq > summary {
  list-style: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  padding: 1.35rem 2.5rem 1.35rem 0;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 68px 1fr;
  gap: 1.25rem;
  align-items: baseline;
  position: relative;
  transition: color 0.15s;
}

.faq > summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }

.faq > summary::after {
  content: "+";
  position: absolute;
  right: 0.35rem;
  top: 1.35rem;
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-weight: 300;
  color: var(--accent);
  transition: transform 0.25s ease;
  line-height: 1;
}

.faq[open] > summary::after {
  content: "−";
  transform: rotate(0deg);
}

.faq > summary:hover { color: var(--accent); }

.faq .q-num {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  padding-top: 0.15rem;
}

.faq[open] .q-num { color: var(--accent); }

.faq .q-text {
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink);
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  line-height: 1.4;
}

.faq .a-body {
  padding: 0 0 1.5rem 0;
  margin-left: calc(68px + 1.25rem);
  font-family: var(--serif-kr);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.7;
  color: var(--ink-2);
  animation: faqFade 0.35s cubic-bezier(0.22, 1, 0.36, 1);
}

.faq .a-body p { margin: 0 0 0.85em; }
.faq .a-body p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
.faq .a-body strong { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }
.faq .a-body a {
  color: var(--accent);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 3px;
}

@keyframes faqFade {
  from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(-4px); }
  to   { opacity: 1; transform: none; }
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .faq > summary {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 0.3rem;
    padding-right: 2rem;
  }
  .faq .a-body { margin-left: 0; }
}

/* ==================== Mobile refinements ==================== */

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  /* Masthead: reduce padding, stack nav below title on very small screens */
  .masthead-inner {
    padding: 0.65rem clamp(0.85rem, 3vw, 1.25rem);
    gap: 0.75rem;
    min-height: 54px;
  }
  .masthead-brand { font-size: 0.9rem; gap: 0.5rem; }
  .masthead-brand .sub { display: none; }
  .masthead-brand .mark { width: 24px; height: 24px; font-size: 0.75rem; }

  /* Article header spacing on mobile */
  .article-head { padding-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; }
  .article-eyebrow { flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0.4rem; font-size: 0.65rem; }
  .article-title { line-height: 1.15; }
  .article-subtitle { font-size: 1.02rem; padding-left: 0.75rem; }
  .article-meta {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 1rem;
    font-size: 0.78rem;
  }
  .article-meta strong { font-size: 0.92rem; }

  /* Abstract */
  .abstract { padding-left: 1rem; margin: 2rem 0; }
  .abstract p { font-size: 0.98rem; line-height: 1.7; }

  /* Section headings smaller */
  .article > h2 {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    margin: 2.5rem 0 1.15rem;
    gap: 0.6rem;
  }
  .article > h2 .num { font-size: 0.65rem; padding: 0.15rem 0.45rem; }
  .article > h3 { font-size: 1.15rem; margin-top: 1.75rem; }
  .article p { font-size: 0.98rem; line-height: 1.75; }

  /* Pull blockquote */
  .article > blockquote {
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    padding: 1.5rem 0;
    max-width: 100%;
    line-height: 1.55;
  }

  /* Case items */
  .case-item {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 1rem;
    padding: 1.5rem 0;
  }
  .case-item .case-metric { width: 100%; }
  .case-code { font-size: 0.72rem; }
  .case-body .diagnosis { font-size: 1.05rem; }

  /* Case group head */
  .case-group-head {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 0.35rem;
  }
  .case-group-title { font-size: 1.3rem; }

  /* Case toolbar: allow horizontal scroll if needed */
  .case-toolbar {
    gap: 0.35rem;
    margin: 1.5rem 0 1.75rem;
  }
  .case-toolbar button {
    font-size: 0.78rem;
    padding: 0.45rem 0.85rem;
  }

  /* Definition list */
  .article > dl {
    grid-template-columns: 44px 1fr;
    gap: 0.6rem 0.9rem;
  }
  .article > dl dd b, .article > dl dd strong { font-size: 1.02rem; }

  /* Cover (index) */
  .cover-title { font-size: 2rem; line-height: 1.1; }
  .cover-lede { font-size: 1rem; padding-left: 0.75rem; }
  .cover-journal {
    font-size: 0.62rem;
    gap: 0.7rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  }
  .cover-byline { font-size: 0.92rem; }
  .cover-byline strong { font-size: 1rem; }

  /* Home ToC list */
  .home-toc-list a {
    grid-template-columns: 42px 1fr;
    gap: 0.75rem;
    padding: 1.15rem 0;
  }
  .home-toc-list .t { font-size: 1.15rem; }

  /* Home abstract */
  .home-abstract-inner p.first { font-size: 1.1rem; }
  .home-abstract-inner p { font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.7; }

  /* Author block */
  .author-heading { font-size: 1.6rem; }
  .author-heading .en { font-size: 0.8rem; }
  .author-portrait-paper { aspect-ratio: 4 / 5; }
  .author-cv li {
    grid-template-columns: 32px 1fr;
    gap: 0.75rem;
    font-size: 0.9rem;
  }

  /* Process list */
  .process-list li {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 0.4rem;
    padding: 1.25rem 0;
  }

  /* Contact form / QR card */
  .form-paper { padding: 1.5rem 1.25rem; }
  .qr-card { padding: 1.5rem 1.25rem; }
  .qr-card .qr-image-wrap { padding: 1rem 0.6rem; }
  .info-grid .row {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 0.25rem;
    padding: 0.85rem 0;
  }

  /* Pager */
  .pager { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 0.75rem; }
  .pager-card { padding: 1.25rem 1.35rem; text-align: left !important; }
  .pager-title { font-size: 1.1rem; }

  /* Colophon */
  .colophon { padding: 2rem 0 1.75rem; font-size: 0.78rem; }
  .colophon-inner { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; gap: 0.5rem; }

  /* Left rail — hide chapter subtitle to save space */
  .toc-left ol a .sub { display: none; }
  .toc-left { margin-bottom: 1rem; }
  .toc-left .toc-label,
  .toc-right .toc-label { font-size: 0.65rem; }

  /* Compare cards */
  .compare-2col .card { padding: 1.35rem 1.25rem; }
  .compare-2col .card-title { font-size: 1.2rem; }

  /* Figures */
  .figure-caption { font-size: 0.78rem; }

  /* Reduce journal side padding */
  .journal { padding: 1.75rem 1rem 1rem; }
}

/* Very small (≤380px) */
@media (max-width: 380px) {
  .masthead-brand { font-size: 0.82rem; }
  .article-title { font-size: 1.85rem; }
  .cover-title { font-size: 1.75rem; }
}

/* ==================== Print ==================== */

@media print {
  .masthead, .toc-left, .toc-right, .pager, .colophon, .progress { display: none; }
  .journal { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  body { background: #fff; }
  body::before { display: none; }
}